Jump to content

The Gambia

Edit links
Coordinates: 13°27′00″N 16°34′30″W / 13.45000°N 16.57500°W / 13.45000; -16.57500
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Gambia, The)
"Gambia" redirects here. For the river, see Gambia River. Not to be confused with Zambia.
This article is about the modern state. For its predecessor, see The Gambia (1965–1970).

Republic of The Gambia
Motto: "Progress, Peace, and Prosperity"
Anthem: "For The Gambia Our Homeland"
Location of The Gambia (dark green) in western Africa
Location of The Gambia (dark green) in western Africa
CapitalBanjul
13°27′00″N 16°34′30″W / 13.45000°N 16.57500°W / 13.45000; -16.57500
Largest metropolitan areaSerekunda
Official languagesEnglish
National languages
List:
Ethnic groups
(2013 Census)
Religion
(2023)[2]
Demonym(s)Gambian
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic
• President
Adama Barrow
Muhammad B.S. Jallow
Fabakary Tombong Jatta
Hassan Bubacar Jallow
LegislatureNational Assembly
Independence from the United Kingdom
• from the United Kingdom
18 February 1965
• dissolution of the Senegambia Confederation
30 September 1989
Area
• Total
11,300[3] km2 (4,400 sq mi) (159th)
• Water (%)
11.5
Population
• 2023 estimate
2,468,569[4] (144th)
• Density
176.1/km2 (456.1/sq mi) (74th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $7.502 billion[5] (166th)
• Per capita
Increase $2,837[5] (175th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $2.388 billion[5] (185th)
• Per capita
Increase $903[5] (180th)
Gini (2015)Positive decrease 35.9[6]
medium inequality
HDI (2022)Decrease 0.495[7]
low (174th)
CurrencyGambian dalasi (GMD)
Time zoneUTC (GMT)
Daylight saving time is not observed
Drives onRight
Calling code+220
ISO 3166 codeGM
Internet TLD.gm

The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia,[8][a] is a country in West Africa. Geographically, The Gambia is the smallest country in continental Africa;[b] it is surrounded by Senegal on all sides except for the western part, which is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean.[9]

Its territory is on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River, which flows through the centre of the country and empties into the Atlantic. The national namesake river demarcates the elongated shape of the country, which has an area of 11,300 square kilometres (4,400 sq mi) and a population of 2,769,075 people in 2024 which is a 2.30% population increase from 2013.[4] The capital city is Banjul, which has the most extensive metropolitan area in the country.[10] The second and third-largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.[11]

Arab Muslim merchants traded with native West Africans in The Gambia throughout the 9th and 10th centuries. In 1455, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to enter The Gambia, although they never established significant trade there. The British Empire established a colony in 1765.[12] In 1965, 200 years later, The Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara. Jawara remained the president winning several elections until he was overthrown by Yahya Jammeh in a bloodless 1994 coup.

Adama Barrow was elected as The Gambia's third president in the December 2016, he defeated Yahya Jammeh with the help of a coalition of other opposition political parties.[13] Jammeh initially accepted the results, but then refused to leave office claiming he was cheated, triggering a constitutional crisis. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) conducted a military intervention and achieved Jammeh's removal two days after his term was initially scheduled to end.[14][15][16]

The Gambia's economy is dominated by farming, fishing, and especially tourism. In 2022, 17.2% of the population lived in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than US$2.15 (2017 PPP) per day. The Gambia is a founding member of the ECOWAS. It rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations in 2018 after previously withdrawing in 2013.[17] English is the country's sole official language; it became widely used during British rule.

Etymology

[edit]

The name "Gambia" is derived from the Mandinka term Kambra/Kambaa, meaning the Gambia River. (It may be derived from the sacred Serer Gamba,[18] a special type of calabash beaten when a Serer elder dies).[19] Portuguese explorers, who reached the region in the 15th century, adopted a variation of this local name, which was later anglicized to Gambia during British colonial rule.[20]

Upon independence in 1965, the country used the name The Gambia. Following the proclamation of a republic in 1970, the long-form name of the country became Republic of The Gambia.[21]

The Gambia is one of a small number of countries for which the definite article is commonly used in its English-language name and where the name is neither plural nor descriptive (e.g., "the Philippines" or "the United Kingdom").[22] The article is also officially used by the country's government and by international bodies. In 1964, shortly prior to the country's independence, Prime Minister Dawda Jawara wrote to the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use requesting that the name The Gambia retain the definite article, in part to reduce confusion with Zambia which had also recently become independent.[23] Some scholars suggest it also emphasizes the nation's connection to the Gambia River, a defining geographical feature.[24]

The administration of Yahya Jammeh changed the long-form name to Islamic Republic of The Gambia in December 2015.[25] On 29 January 2017 newly elected President Adama Barrow changed the name back to Republic of The Gambia.[26][27]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of the Gambia

Muslim and Portuguese influence (9th–16th centuries)

[edit]

Arab traders provided the first written accounts of The Gambia area in the ninth and tenth centuries. During the tenth century, Muslim merchants and scholars established communities in several West African commercial centres. Both groups established trans-Saharan trade routes. They carried out a large export trade of local people taken captive in raids and sold as slaves.[28] Gold and ivory were also exported, and the trade routes were used to import manufactured goods to these areas.

Senegambian stone circles (megaliths) run from Senegal through The Gambia. They are described by UNESCO as "the largest concentration of stone circles seen anywhere in the world".

By the 11th or 12th century, the rulers of kingdoms such as Takrur (a monarchy centred on the Senegal River just to the north), ancient Ghana and Gao had converted to Islam. They had appointed to their courts Muslims who were literate in the Arabic language.[29] At the beginning of the 14th century, most of what is today called The Gambia was part of the Mali Empire. The Portuguese reached this area by sea in the mid-15th century and began to dominate overseas trade.

English and French administration (17th–19th centuries)

[edit]

In 1588, the claimant to the Portuguese throne, António, Prior of Crato, sold exclusive trade rights on the Gambia River to English merchants. Letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I confirmed the grant. In 1618, King James I of England granted a charter to an English company for trade with The Gambia and the Gold Coast (now Ghana). Between 1651 and 1661, some parts of The Gambia – St. Andrew's Island in the Gambia River, including Fort Jakob, and St. Mary Island (modern day Banjul) and Fort Jillifree – came under the rule of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a vassal state of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in what is now Latvia, having been bought by Prince Jacob Kettler.[30] The colonies were formally ceded to England in 1664.

During the late 17th century and throughout the 18th century, the British Empire and the French Empire struggled continually for political and commercial supremacy in the regions of the Senegal River and the Gambia River. The British Empire occupied The Gambia when an expedition led by Augustus Keppel landed there following the capture of Senegal in 1758. The 1783 Treaty of Versailles gave Great Britain possession of the Gambia River, but the French retained a tiny enclave at Albreda on the river's north bank. This was finally ceded to the United Kingdom in 1856.

Slavery

[edit]

As many as three million people may have been taken as slaves from this general region during the three centuries that the transatlantic slave trade operated. It is not known how many people were taken as slaves by intertribal wars before the transatlantic slave trade began. Most of those taken were sold by other Africans to Europeans: some were prisoners of intertribal wars; some were victims sold because of unpaid debts, and many others were simply victims of kidnapping.[31]

A map of James Island and Fort Gambia

Traders initially sent people to Europe to work as servants until the market for labour expanded in the West Indies and North America in the 18th century. In 1807, the United Kingdom abolished the slave trade throughout its empire. It also tried, unsuccessfully,[clarification needed] to end the slave trade in The Gambia. Slave ships intercepted by the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron in the Atlantic were also returned to The Gambia, with people who had been slaves released on MacCarthy Island far up The Gambia River where they were expected to establish new lives.[32] The British established the military post of Bathurst (now Banjul) in 1816.

Gambia Colony and Protectorate (1821–1965)

[edit]
Main article: Gambia Colony and Protectorate
The British Governor, George Chardin Denton (1901–1911), and his party, 1905

In the ensuing years, Bathurst (now Banjul) was at times under the jurisdiction of the British Governor-General in Sierra Leone. In 1888, The Gambia became a separate colony.[33]

An agreement between Britain and France in 1889 established the boundaries of the colony. In 1891, a joint Anglo-French Boundary Commission faced resistance from local leaders whose lands would be divided.[34] The Gambia became a British Crown colony called British Gambia, divided for administrative purposes into the colony (city of Banjul and the surrounding area) and the protectorate (remainder of the territory). The Gambia received its own executive and legislative councils in 1901, and it gradually progressed toward self-government. Slavery was abolished in 1906[35] and following a brief conflict between the British colonial forces and indigenous Gambians, British colonial authority was firmly established.[36] In 1919, an inter-racial relationship between Travelling Commissioner J. K. McCallum and Wolof woman Fatou Khan scandalized the administration.[37]

During World War II, some soldiers fought with the Allies of World War II. Though these soldiers fought mostly in Burma, some died closer to home and a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery is in Fajara (close to Banjul). Banjul contained an airstrip for the US Army Air Forces and a port of call for Allied naval convoys.[38]

After World War II, the pace of constitutional reform increased. Following general elections in 1962, the United Kingdom granted full internal self-governance in the following year.[38]

Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953

Contemporary (1965–present)

[edit]

Independence and formation of the republic

[edit]

The Gambia achieved independence on 18 February 1965, as a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth, with Elizabeth II as Queen of The Gambia, represented by the Governor-General. Shortly thereafter, the national government held a referendum proposing that the country become a republic. This referendum failed to receive the two-thirds majority required to amend the constitution, but the results won widespread attention abroad as testimony to The Gambia's observance of secret balloting, honest elections, civil rights, and liberties.[38]

On 24 April 1970, The Gambia became a Republic within the Commonwealth, following a second referendum. Prime Minister Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara assumed the office of President, an Executive Post, combining the offices of head of state and head of government which he held since 1962.[39] President Sir Dawda Jawara was re-elected five times.[40]

An attempted coup on 29 July 1981 followed a weakening of the economy and allegations of corruption against leading politicians.[40] The coup attempt occurred while President Jawara was attending the Royal Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana in London and was carried out by the rogues group of leftist calling themself National Revolutionary Council, composed of Kukoi Samba Sanyang's Socialist and Revolutionary Labour Party (SRLP) and elements of the Field Force, a paramilitary force which constituted the bulk of the country's armed forces.[40]

President Jawara requested military aid from Senegal, which deployed 400 troops to The Gambia on 31 July. By 6 August, some 2,700 Senegalese troops had been deployed, defeating the rebel force.[40] Between 500 and 800 people were killed during the coup and the ensuing violence.[40]

In 1982, in the aftermath of the 1981 attempted coup, Senegal and The Gambia signed a treaty of confederation. The Senegambia Confederation aimed to combine the armed forces of the two states and to unify their economies and currencies. The Gambia permanently withdrew from the confederation in 1989.

Following dissolution of the Senegambia Confederation

[edit]

In 1994, the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) deposed the Jawara government and banned opposition political activity. Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh, chairman of the AFPRC, became head of state. Jammeh was just 29 years old at the time of the coup. The AFPRC announced a transition plan to return to a democratic civilian government.

The Provisional Independent Electoral Commission (PIEC) was established in December 1995 to conduct national elections and it supervised a referendum on a revised Constitution, the elections for President and the National Assembly by early January 1997.[41] In 1997 the Independent Electoral Commission - IEC- The Gambia was established to replace the PIEC, responsible for the registration of voters and for the conduct of elections and referendums.[41]

The IEC organized the next 5-year elections for late 2001 and early 2002, and The Gambia completed a full cycle of presidential, legislative, and local elections, which foreign observers deemed free, fair, and transparent.[42] President Yahya Jammeh, who was elected to continue in the position he had assumed during the coup, took the oath of office again on 21 December 2001. Jammeh's Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC) maintained its strong majority in the National Assembly, particularly after the main opposition United Democratic Party (UDP) boycotted the legislative elections.[43]

On 2 October 2013, The Gambian Interior Minister announced that The Gambia would leave the Commonwealth with immediate effect, ending 48 years of membership of the organisation. The Gambian government said it had "decided that The Gambia will never be a member of any Neo-Colonial institution and will never be a party to any institution that represents an extension of colonialism".[44]

On 11 December 2015, President Jammeh (without any legal authority) unilaterally declared The Gambia an Islamic Republic, calling it a break from the country's colonial past, although the constitution remained secular.[45]

The months leading up to the 2016 presidential election were tense. The youth leader of the main opposition UDP, Solo Sandeng, died in detention at the notorious National Intelligence Agency.[46] Ousainou Darboe, the leader of the UDP, and many senior members of his party were sent to jail for demanding the release of Solo Sandeng dead or alive.[47] President Jammeh faced opposition leaders Adama Barrow from the Independent Coalition of parties[48] and Mamma Kandeh from The Gambia Democratic Congress party.[49] The high court of the Gambia sentenced main opposition leader and human rights advocate Ousainou Darboe to 3 years in prison in July 2016,[50] disqualifying him from running in the presidential election. This gave Adama Barrow to contest under the UDP ticket.

Following the 1 December 2016 elections, the elections commission declared Adama Barrow the winner.[51] Jammeh, who had ruled for 22 years, first announced he would step down after losing the 2016 election before declaring the results void and calling for a new vote, sparking a constitutional crisis and leading to an invasion by an ECOWAS coalition.[52] On 20 January 2017, Jammeh announced that he had agreed to step down and would leave the country.[15]

In January 2017, President Barrow removed the "Islamic" title from The Gambia's name.[26] On 14 February 2017, The Gambia began the process of returning to its membership of the Commonwealth and formally presented its application to re-join to Secretary-General Patricia Scotland on 22 January 2018.[53][54] Boris Johnson, who became the first British foreign secretary to visit The Gambia since the country gained independence in 1965,[55] announced that the British government welcomed The Gambia's return to the Commonwealth.[55] The Gambia officially rejoined the Commonwealth on 8 February 2018.[56][57] On 28 February 2018, Jaha Dukureh, a women's rights activist was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for her work in combating female genital mutilation.[58]

On 4 December 2021, Adama Barrow won re-election in the presidential election.[59] On 20 December 2022, a supposed coup attempt by the Gambian army was foiled,[60] with four soldiers arrested. The Gambian Armed Forces have denied that any attempt at a coup was made.[60] Barrow's use of foreign troops for his security and for protection of some infrastructure has hurt his popularity.[60]

Geography

[edit]
Main article: Geography of the Gambia
Map of The Gambia

The Gambia is a very small and narrow country whose borders mirror the meandering Gambia River. It lies between latitudes 13 and 14°N, and longitudes 13 and 17°W.

The Gambia is less than 50 kilometres (31 miles) wide at its widest point, with a total area of 11,295 km2 (4,361 sq mi). About 1,300 square kilometres (500 square miles) (11.5%) of The Gambia's area are covered by water. It is the smallest country on the African mainland. In comparative terms, The Gambia has a total area slightly more than that of the island of Jamaica.

Senegal surrounds The Gambia on three sides, with 80 km (50 mi) of coastline on the Atlantic Ocean marking its western extremity.[61]

The present boundaries were defined in 1889 after an agreement between the United Kingdom and France. During the negotiations between the French and the British in Paris, the French initially gave the British around 320 kilometres (200 mi) of The Gambia River to control. Starting with the placement of boundary markers in 1891, it took nearly 15 years after the Paris meetings to determine the final borders of The Gambia. The resulting series of straight lines and arcs gave the British control of areas about 16 kilometres (10 mi) north and south of The Gambia River.[62]

The Gambia contains three terrestrial ecoregions: Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, and Guinean mangroves.[63] It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.56/10, ranking it 120th globally out of 172 countries.[64]

Climate

[edit]

The Gambia has a tropical savannah climate. A short rainy season normally lasts from June until September, but from then until May, lower temperatures predominate, with less precipitation.[61] The climate in The Gambia closely resembles that of neighboring Senegal, of Mali, and of the northern part of Guinea.[65]

Climate data for Banjul
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.2
(99.0) 		38.9
(102.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		41.1
(106.0) 		41.1
(106.0) 		37.8
(100.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.3
(91.9) 		34.4
(93.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		41.1
(106.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.7
(89.1) 		33.5
(92.3) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.0
(91.4) 		31.9
(89.4) 		31.9
(89.4) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.2
(86.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.7
(90.9) 		31.9
(89.4) 		32.0
(89.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.3
(73.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.2
(72.0) 		18.8
(65.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		19.9
(67.8)
Record low °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		13.9
(57.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		12.2
(54.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		7.2
(45.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 0.5
(0.02) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.3
(0.05) 		62.7
(2.47) 		232.4
(9.15) 		346.8
(13.65) 		255.1
(10.04) 		75.8
(2.98) 		1.6
(0.06) 		0.7
(0.03) 		976.9
(38.46)
Average rainy days 0 0 0 0 0 5 14 19 16 6 0 0 60
Average relative humidity (%) 47 47 50 58 67 73 81 85 84 80 69 55 67
Mean monthly sunshine hours 207.7 237.3 266.6 252.0 229.4 201.0 182.9 189.1 183.0 217.0 246.0 210.8 2,622.8
Mean daily sunshine hours 6.7 8.4 8.6 8.4 7.4 6.7 5.9 6.1 6.1 7.0 8.2 6.8 7.2
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[66]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes, humidity, and sun)[67]

Wildlife

[edit]
Main article: Wildlife of the Gambia

Government and politics

[edit]
Main article: Politics of the Gambia
Sir Dawda Jawara
1st President (1970–1994)
Prime Minister (1962–1970)
Yahya Jammeh
2nd President (1996–2017)
Chairman of the AFPRC (1994–1996)
Adama Barrow
3rd President (2017–present)
The Arch 22 monument commemorating the 1994 coup which saw the then 29-year-old Yahya Jammeh seize power in a bloodless coup, ousting Sir Dawda Jawara, who had been President of The Gambia since 1970[68]

The Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom on 18 February 1965. From 1965 to 1994, the country was ostensibly a multi-party liberal democracy. It was ruled by Sir Dawda Jawara and his People's Progressive Party (PPP). However, the country never experienced political turnover during this period and its commitment to succession by the ballot box was never tested.[69] In 1994, a military coup propelled a commission of military officers to power, known as the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC). After two years of direct rule, a new constitution was written and in 1996, the leader of the AFPRC, Yahya Jammeh, was elected as president. He ruled in an authoritarian style until the 2016 election, which was won by Adama Barrow, backed by a coalition of opposition parties.

According to the 2023 V-Dem Democracy Indices The Gambia is ranked 68th of 179 nations worldwide and the 11th of 56 in Africa.[70]

Political history

[edit]

During the Jawara era, there were initially four political parties, the PPP, the United Party (UP), the Democratic Party (DP), and I.M. Garba-Jahumpa's Muslim Congress Party (MCP). The 1960 constitution had established a House of Representatives, and in the 1960 election no party won a majority of seats. However, in 1961, the British Governor chose UP leader Pierre Sarr N'Jie to serve as the country's first head of government, in the form of a Chief Minister. This was an unpopular decision, and the 1962 election was notable as parties were able to appeal to ethnic and religious differences across The Gambia. The PPP won a majority, and formed a coalition with the Democratic Congress Alliance (DCA; a merger of the DP and MCP). They invited the UP to the coalition in 1963, but it left in 1965.[71]

The UP was seen as the main opposition party, but it lost power from 1965 to 1970. In 1975, the National Convention Party (NCP) was formed by Sheriff Mustapha Dibba, and became the new main opposition party to the PPP's dominance.[71] Both the PPP and NCP were ideologically similar, so in the 1980s a new opposition party emerged, in the form of the radical socialist People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism (PDOIS). However, between the 1966 and 1992 elections, the PPP was "overwhelmingly dominant", winning between 55% and 70% of the vote in each election and a large majority of seats continually.[72]

In principle, competitive politics existed during the Jawara era, however, it was stated that there was in reality a "one-party monopoly of state power centred around the dominant personality of Sir Dawda Jawara". Civil society was limited post-independence, and opposition parties were weak and at the risk of being declared subversive. The opposition did not have equal access to resources, as the business class refused to finance them. The government had control over when they could make public announcements and press briefings, and there were also allegations of vote-buying and improprieties in the preparation of the electoral register. A 1991 court challenge by the PDOIS against irregularities on the electoral register in Banjul was dismissed on a technicality.[73]

In July 1994, a bloodless military coup d'état brought an end to the Jawara era. The Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC), led by Yahya Jammeh, ruled dictatorially for two years. The council suspended the constitution, banned all political parties, and imposed a dusk-to-dawn curfew on the populace.[74] A transition back to democracy occurred in 1996, and a new constitution was written, though the process was manipulated to benefit Jammeh.[75] In a 1996 referendum, 70% of voters approved the constitution, and in December 1996, Jammeh was elected as president. All but PDOIS of the pre-coup parties were banned, and former ministers were barred from public office.[76]

During Jammeh's rule, the opposition was again fragmented. An example was the infighting between members of the National Alliance for Democracy and Development (NADD) that was formed in 2005. Jammeh used the police forces to harass opposition members and parties. Jammeh was also accused of human rights abuses, especially towards human rights activists, civil society organisations, political opponents, and the media. Their fates included being sent into exile, harassment, arbitrary imprisonment, murder, and forced disappearance. Particular examples include the murder of journalist Deyda Hydara in 2004, a student massacre at a protest in 2000, public threats to kill human rights defenders in 2009, and public threats towards homosexuals in 2013. Furthermore, Jammeh made threats to the religious freedom of non-Muslims, used 'mercenary judges' to weaken the judiciary, and faced numerous accusations of election rigging.[77]

In the December 2016 presidential election, Jammeh was beaten by Adama Barrow, who was backed by a coalition of opposition parties. Jammeh's initial agreement to step down followed by a change of mind induced a constitutional crisis that culminated in a military intervention by ECOWAS forces in January 2017. Barrow pledged to serve at the head of a three-year transitional government.[78] The Nigerian Centre for Democracy and Development describe the challenges facing Barrow as needing to restore "citizen's trust and confidence in the public sector". They describe a "fragile peace" with tensions in rural areas between farmers and the larger communities. They also reported on tensions between ethnic groups developing. An example is that in February 2017, 51 supporters of Jammeh were arrested for harassing supporters of Barrow. Although his election was initially met with enthusiasm, the Centre notes that this has been dampened by Barrow's initial constitutional faux pas with his vice president, the challenge of inclusion, and high expectations post-Jammeh.[77]

On 5 December 2021, Incumbent President Adama Barrow was declared the winner of The Gambia's presidential election by the electoral commission. The 4 December 2021 election, the first since former dictator Yahya Jammeh fled into exile, was seen as crucial for the young democracy.[79]

Constitution

[edit]

The Gambia has had a number of constitutions in its history. The two most significant are the 1970 constitution, which established The Gambia as a presidential republic, and the 1996 constitution, which served as a basis for Jammeh's rule and was kept following Barrow's victory in 2016. Jammeh manipulated the 1996 constitutional reform process to benefit himself. No reference was made to term limits, indicating Jammeh's preference to stay in power for an extended period of time.[75] According to the 1996 constitution, the President is the head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Jammeh and Barrow have also both taken on the role of Minister of Defence.[80]

Presidency

[edit]

The president appoints the vice president and cabinet of ministers and also chairs the cabinet. The office of Prime Minister was abolished in 1970. Total executive power is vested in the president. He can also appoint five members of the National Assembly, the judges of the superior courts, regional governors, and district chiefs. In terms of the civil service, he can appoint the Public Service Commission, the ombudsman, and the Independent Electoral Commission. The president is directly elected for five-year terms based on a simple majority of votes. There are no term limits.[80] The Constitution is under review as of 2018 and a two-term limit and other changes required to enhance the governance structures are expected.

Foreign relations

[edit]
Main article: Foreign relations of the Gambia
Yahya Jammeh and Mrs. Zeinab Jammeh with Barack and Michelle Obama in the White House, August 2014

The Gambia followed a formal policy of non-alignment throughout most of former President Jawara's tenure. It maintained close relations with the United Kingdom and with Senegal and other African countries. The July 1994 coup strained The Gambia's relationship with Western powers, particularly the United States, which until 2002 suspended most non-humanitarian assistance in accordance with Section 508 of the Foreign Assistance Act. After 1995, President Jammeh established diplomatic relations with several additional countries, including Libya (suspended in 2010), and Cuba.[81] The People's Republic of China cut ties with The Gambia in 1995 – after the latter established diplomatic links with Taiwan – and re-established them in 2016.[82]

As a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), The Gambia has played an active role in that organisation's efforts to resolve the civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone and contributed troops to the community's ceasefire monitoring group (ECOMOG) in 1990 and (ECOMIL) in 2003.[81] In November 2019, The Gambia filed a case against Myanmar in The Hague, accusing its military of genocide against Myanmar's ethnic Rohingya community.[83]

Under Yahya Jammeh, The Gambia was also backing up rebels of MFDC in Casamance in southern Senegal.[84] The subsequent worsening of the human rights situation placed increasing strains on US–Gambian relations.[81]

The Gambia withdrew from the Commonwealth of Nations on 3 October 2013, with Jammeh's government stating it had "decided that The Gambia will never be a member of any neo-colonial institution and will never be a party to any institution that represents an extension of colonialism".[85] Under the Barrow government, The Gambia began the process of returning to its status as a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations with the support of the British government, formally presenting its application to re-join the Commonwealth to Secretary-General Patricia Scotland on 22 January 2018,[53][54] returning to its status as a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations on 8 February 2018.

List of international organization memberships

[edit]

Military

[edit]
Main article: Gambia Armed Forces
U.S. AFRICOM commander Carter Ham and senior Gambian Army officer Masaneh Kinteh surveying the troops, 21 July 2011

The Gambia Armed Forces (GAF) was created in 1985 as a stipulation of the Senegambia Confederation, a political union between The Gambia and Senegal. It originally consisted of The Gambia National Army (GNA), trained by the British, and Gambia National Gendarmerie (GNG), trained by the Senegalese. The GNG was merged into the police in 1992, and in 1997 Jammeh created a Gambian Navy (GN). Attempts to create a Gambian Air Force in the mid-2000s ultimately fell through. In 2008, Jammeh created a National Republican Guard, composed of special forces units. The GNA has a strength of roughly 900, in two infantry battalions and an engineering company. It makes use of Ferret and M8 Greyhound armoured cars. The GN is equipped with patrol vessels, and Taiwan donated a number of new vessels to the force in 2013.

Since the GAF was formed in 1985, it has been active in UN and African Union peacekeeping missions. It has been classed as a Tier 2 peacekeeping contributor[89] and was described by the Center on International Cooperation as a regional leader in peacekeeping.[90]

It dispatched soldiers to Liberia as part of ECOMOG from 1990 to 1991, during which two Gambian soldiers were killed. It has since contributed troops to ECOMIL, UNMIL, and UNAMID. Responsibility for the military has rested directly with the President since Jammeh seized power at the head of a bloodless military coup in 1994. Jammeh also created the role of Chief of the Defence Staff, who is the senior military officer responsible for the day-to-day operations of The Gambia Armed Forces. Between 1958 and 1985, The Gambia did not have a military, but The Gambia Field Force existed as a paramilitary wing of the police. The military tradition of The Gambia can be traced to The Gambia Regiment of the British Army, that existed from 1901 to 1958 and fought in World War I and World War II. In 2017, Gambia signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[91]

The Gambia Armed Forces is and has been the recipient of a number of equipment and training agreements with other countries. In 1992, a contingent of Nigerian soldiers helped lead the GNA. Between 1991 and 2005, the Turkish armed forces helped train Gambian soldiers. It has also hosted British and United States training teams from the Royal Gibraltar Regiment and US AFRICOM.

Gambia is the 82nd most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 Global Peace Index.[92]

Human rights

[edit]
See also: Human rights in the Gambia

According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 78.3% of Gambian girls and women have suffered female genital mutilation.[93]

LGBT activity is illegal, and punishable with life imprisonment,[94] although the Barrow administration promised not to prosecute consenting same sex couples, it has also said it will not repeal the law.

The Daily Observer reporter Ebrima Manneh is believed by human rights organizations to have been arrested in July 2006 and secretly held in custody since then.[95] Manneh was reportedly arrested by Gambia's National Intelligence Agency after attempting to republish a BBC report criticizing President Yahya Jammeh.[95] Amnesty International considers him to be a prisoner of conscience and named him a 2011 "priority case".[96] In 2019 The Gambian newspaper The Trumpet reported that Manneh had died in captivity at some point in mid-2008.[97][98]

Administrative divisions

[edit]
Main article: Local government areas of the Gambia
Local government areas of the Gambia

The Gambia is divided into eight local government areas, including the national capital, Banjul, which is classified as a city. The divisions of The Gambia were created by the Independent Electoral Commission in accordance to Article 192 of the National Constitution.[61]

Administrative divisions
Name Area
(km2)		 Population census Capital Number
of
districts
2003 2013
(provisional)
Banjul (capital city) 12.2 35,061 31,301 Banjul 3
Kanifing 75.6 322,735 382,096 Kanifing 1
Brikama
(formerly Western) 		1,764.3 389,594 699,704 Brikama 9
Mansa Konko
(formerly Lower River) 		1,628.0 72,167 82,381 Mansakonko 6
Kerewan
(formerly North Bank) 		2,255.5 172,835 221,054 Kerewan 7
Kuntaur
(formerly the western half of Central River Division) 		1,466.5 78,491 99,108 Kuntaur 5
Janjanbureh
(formerly the eastern half of Central River Division) 		1,427.8 107,212 126,910 Janjanbureh 5
Basse
(formerly Upper River) 		2,069.5 182,586 239,916 Basse Santa Su 7
Total Gambia 10,689 1,360,681 1,882,450 Banjul 43

The local government areas are further subdivided (2013) into 43 districts. Of these, Kanifing and Kombo Saint Mary (which shares Brikama as a capital with the Brikama Local Government Area) are effectively part of the Greater Banjul area.[99]

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of the Gambia
A proportional representation of The Gambia exports, 2019
Tourists in The Gambia, 2014
GDP per capita development in Senegal and Gambia

The Gambia has a liberal, market-based economy characterised by traditional subsistence agriculture, a historic reliance on groundnuts (peanuts) for export earnings, a re-export trade built up around its ocean port, low import duties, minimal administrative procedures, a fluctuating exchange rate with no exchange controls, and a significant tourism industry.[81]

The World Bank pegged Gambian GDP for 2018 at US$1,624M; the International Monetary Fund put it at US$977M for 2011.[citation needed]

From 2006 to 2012, The Gambian economy grew annually at a rate of 5–6% of GDP.[100]

Agriculture accounts for roughly 30% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and employs about 70% of the labour force. Within agriculture, peanut production accounts for 6.9% of GDP, other crops 8.3%, livestock 5.3%, fishing 1.8%, and forestry 0.5%. Industry accounts for about 8% of GDP and services around 58%. The limited amount of manufacturing is primarily agricultural-based (e.g., peanut processing, bakeries, a brewery, and a tannery). Other manufacturing activities involve soap, soft drinks, and clothing.[81]

Previously,[when?] the United Kingdom and the EU constituted the major Gambian export markets. However, in recent years Senegal, the United States, and Japan have become significant trade partners of The Gambia. In Africa, Senegal represented the biggest trade partner of The Gambia in 2007, which is a defining contrast to previous years that had Guinea-Bissau and Ghana as equally important trade partners. Globally, Denmark, the United States, and China have become important source countries for Gambian imports. The UK, Germany, Ivory Coast, and the Netherlands also provide a fair share of Gambian imports. The Gambian trade deficit for 2007 was $331 million.[81]

In May 2009, twelve commercial banks existed in The Gambia, including one Islamic bank. The oldest of these, Standard Chartered Bank, dates its presence back to the entry in 1894 of what shortly thereafter became the Bank of British West Africa. In 2005 the Switzerland-based banking group International Commercial Bank established a subsidiary and now has four branches in the country. In 2007 Nigeria's Access Bank established a subsidiary that now has four branches in the country, in addition to its head office; the bank has pledged to open four more. 2008 saw the incorporation of Zenith Bank (Gambia) Limited, a subsidiary of Nigeria's behemoth Zenith Bank Plc, in the country. In May 2009 the Lebanese Canadian Bank opened a subsidiary called Prime Bank.[101]

Since 2017, China has invested in The Gambia as part of its Belt and Road Initiative. A major focus of Chinese activity in Gambia has been processing of locally caught fish for the production of fish meal for export. The economic and environmental impacts of fish meal production in Gambia are controversial.[102]

In 2024, the first solar power plant was inaugurated.[103]

  • Brightly painted fishing boats are common in Bakau
    Brightly painted fishing boats are common in Bakau
  • The Gambia's wildlife, like this green monkey, attracts tourists
    The Gambia's wildlife, like this green monkey, attracts tourists

Transportation

[edit]
Main article: Transport in the Gambia
A road in Gambia, 2007
The Banjul ferry and Port of Banjul

The system of transportation in The Gambia mixes both public and private operations and consists of a system of roads (both paved and unpaved), water and air transportation. The Trans-Gambia Highway runs along both sides of the river Gambia, which bisects the country. The river may be crossed by ferry or the Senegambia bridge. There are no railways in the country.

Roadways in the country run to a length of 3,742 km of which only 723 km is paved and the remaining 3,019 km remains unpaved.

The country has a total of 390 km of waterways, with the Port of Banjul being the only port, which is managed by The Gambia Ports Authority.[citation needed]

The country's only international airport is the Banjul International Airport at Yundum, which is 26 km away.[104]

Demographics

[edit]
Main article: Demographics of the Gambia
Population pyramid
Population
in The Gambia[105][106]
Year Million
1950 0.27
2000 1.2
2021 2.6

The urbanisation rate as of 2011 was 57.3%.[61] Provisional figures from the 2003 census show the gap between the urban and rural populations narrowing as more areas are declared urban. While urban migration, development projects, and modernisation are bringing more Gambians into contact with Western habits and values, indigenous forms of dress and celebration and the traditional emphasis on the extended family remain integral parts of everyday life.[81]

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report for 2010 ranks The Gambia 151st out of 169 countries on its Human Development Index, putting the country in the "Low Human Development" category. This index compares life-expectancy, years of schooling, gross national income (GNI) per capita and other factors.[107]

The total fertility rate (TFR) was estimated at 3.98 children per woman in 2013.[108]

Ethnic groups

[edit]
Ethnic Groups in the Gambia
Ethnic Groups percent
Mandinka
 
 34%
Fula
 
 31%
Wolof
 
 11%
Jola
 
 9%
Sarahule
 
 7%
Serere
 
 3%
Mangajo
 
 2%
Bambara
 
 1%
Aku
 
 .5%
Other
 
 1.5%

A variety of ethnic groups live in The Gambia, each preserving its own language and traditions. The Mandinka ethnicity is the most numerous, followed by the Fula, Wolof, Jola/Karoninka, Serahule / Jahanka, Serers, Manjago, Bambara, Aku Marabou, Bainunka and others,[109] such as Tukulor. The Krio people, locally known as Akus, constitute one of the smallest ethnic minorities in The Gambia. They descend from Sierra Leone Creole people and have traditionally concentrated in the capital.

The roughly 3,500 non-African residents include Europeans and families of Lebanese origin (0.23% of the total population).[81] Most of the European minority is British, although many of the British left after independence.

Languages

[edit]
Main article: Languages of the Gambia

English is the official language of The Gambia and is thus used for official purposes and education. Other languages include Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, Serer, Soninke, Krio, Jola and other indigenous vernaculars.[61] Owing to the country's geographical setting, knowledge of French (an official language in much of West Africa) is relatively widespread.

Mandinka is spoken as a first language by 38% of the population, Pulaar by 21%, Wolof by 18%, Soninke by 9%, Jola by 4.5%, Serer by 2.4%, Manjak and Bainouk by 1.6% each, Portuguese Creole by 1%, and English by 0.5%. Several other languages are spoken by smaller numbers. Gambian Sign Language is used by the deaf.[110]

Education

[edit]
Main article: Education in the Gambia
Classroom at Armitage High School

The constitution mandates free and compulsory primary education in The Gambia. Lack of resources and of educational infrastructure has made implementation of this difficult.[111] In 1995 the gross primary enrolment rate was 77.1% and the net primary enrolment rate was 64.7%[111] School fees long prevented many children from attending school, but in February 1998 President Jammeh ordered the termination of fees for the first six years of schooling.[111] Girls make up about 52% of primary-school pupils. The figure may be lower for girls in rural areas, where cultural factors and poverty prevent parents from sending girls to school.[111] Approximately 20% of school-age children attend Quranic schools.[111]

Higher education

[edit]

There are various public and private tertiary educational institutions in the Gambia. The Gambia College, one of the oldest post-secondary education, was established in 1978.[112] It offers certificate and diploma programs in public health, education, nursing, and agriculture. The University of the Gambia was established by the Act of the National Assembly of the Gambia in 1999. Since its establishment the UTG offers both undergraduate, post-graduate and PhD in different faculties. The university used to be housed at the MDI in Kanifing and The Gambia Collège in Brikama. The new campus in Faraba was inaugurated on 12 March 2024.[113]

The International Open University (until January 2020 known as the Islamic Online University), a higher-education institution having more than 435,000 enrolled students from over 250 countries worldwide, has its global headquarters in The Gambia.[114]

Health

[edit]
Main article: Health in the Gambia

In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), the Gambia ranks 88th out of 127 countries, with a score of 19.9. This score indicates a moderate level of hunger.[115]

Religion

[edit]
Main article: Religion in the Gambia
Religions in the Gambia[116]
Religions Percent
Islam
 
 96.4%
Christianity
 
 3.5%
Other
 
 0.1%

Approximately 96% of the population identify as Sunni Muslim, mostly Malikite Sufi. Except for a tiny fraction of one percent, the remainder of the population are Christian. Article 25 of the Constitution protects the rights of citizens to practise any religion that they choose and intermarriage between Muslims and Christians is common.[117][118][119]

Islam

[edit]

Virtually all commercial life in The Gambia comes to a standstill during major Muslim holidays, which include Eid al-Adha and Eid ul-Fitr.[120] Most Muslims in The Gambia follow the Maliki school of jurisprudence.[121] There is also a significant presence of the Ahmadiyya movement in the country.[122][118] A Shiite Muslim community exists in The Gambia, mainly due to Lebanese and other Arab immigrants to the region.[123] The vast majority of South-Asian immigrants are also Muslims.[118]

Christianity

[edit]

The Christian community comprises about 4% of the population.[116] Residing in the western and southern parts of The Gambia, most members of the Christian community identify themselves as Roman Catholic. However, smaller Christian denominations are also present, including Anglicans, Methodists, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and small evangelical congregations.[118]

Traditional religions

[edit]

It is unclear to what extent indigenous beliefs, such as the Serer religion, continue to be practised. Serer religion encompasses cosmology and a belief in a supreme deity called Roog. Some of its religious festivals include the Xooy, Mbosseh, and Randou Rande. Each year, adherents of Serer religion make the annual pilgrimage to Sine in Senegal for the Xooy divination ceremony.[124] Serer religion also has a rather significant imprint on Senegambian Muslim society in that Senegambian Muslim festivals such as "Tobaski", "Gamo", "Koriteh" and "Weri Kor" have names representing loanwords from the Serer religion – they were ancient Serer festivals.[125] [citation needed]

Like the Serers, the Jola people have their own religious customs, including a major religious ceremony, Boukout.

Other religions

[edit]

Owing to a small number of immigrants from South Asia, Hindus and followers of the Baháʼí Faith are also present.[118]

Culture

[edit]
1942 map of The Gambia and Senegal


James Island near Juffureh


Although The Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, its culture is the product of very diverse influences. The national borders outline a narrow strip on either side of the River Gambia, a body of water that has played a vital part in the nation's destiny and is known locally simply as "the River". Without natural barriers, The Gambia has become home to most of the ethnic groups that are present throughout western Africa, especially those in Senegal.[126]

Europeans also figure prominently in Gambian history because the River Gambia is navigable deep into the continent, a geographic feature that made this area one of the most profitable sites for the slave trade from the 15th through the 17th centuries. (It also made it strategic to the halt of this trade once it was outlawed in the 19th century.) Some of this history was popularised in the Alex Haley book and TV series Roots, which was set in The Gambia.[127]

Music

[edit]
Main article: Music of the Gambia
Musicians from Gambia, West Africa gave a free public concert in the Carmichael Auditorium, National Museum of History and Technology, now the National Museum of American History, in June of 1977. The musicians performed on the koru, hallam, and balafon

The music of The Gambia is closely linked musically with that of its neighbour, Senegal, which surrounds its inland frontiers completely. It fuses popular Western music and dance, with sabar, the traditional drumming and dance music of the Wolof and Serer people of Senegal.[128]

Cuisine

[edit]
Main article: Gambian cuisine

The cuisine of the Gambia is heavily influenced by the culinary traditions of neighbouring Senegal, reflecting a mix of local ingredients and historical influences, including French colonial cuisine. A popular dish in particular is domoda, a savoury peanut stew made with meat, peanut paste, and vegetables, representative of Gambian comfort food. Yassa is also enjoyed widely; it features marinated fish or chicken seasoned with lemon, onions, and mustard, providing a sharp flavour that contrasts with the earthiness of many other dishes.[129] Gambian cuisine usually includes peanuts, rice, fish, meat, onions, tomatoes, cassava, sweet potatoes, egg plant, cabbage, chili peppers and oysters from the River Gambia.[citation needed]

Literature

[edit]
Main article: Gambian literature
The kora is played by traditional storytellers of the Gambia River valley. These storytellers, call griots, recite stories and histories

As with other West African countries, The Gambia has a tradition of oral literature, including the griots, traditional storytellers and musicians.[130] Since the 1960s, an English-language Gambian literature has emerged. Lenrie Peters is considered the founding father of this literature, whilst notable writers include Tijan Sallah, Nana Grey-Johnson and Mariama Khan.[131][132]

Media

[edit]
Main articles: Gambia Radio & Television Service, Radio Gambia, and List of newspapers in the Gambia

Critics have accused the government of restricting free speech. A 2002 law created a commission with the power to issue licences and imprison journalists; in 2004, additional legislation allowed prison sentences for libel and slander and cancelled all print and broadcasting licenses, forcing media groups to re-register at five times the original cost.[133][134]

Three Gambian journalists have been arrested since the coup attempt. It has been suggested that they were imprisoned for criticising the government's economic policy, or for stating that a former interior minister and security chief was among the plotters.[135] Newspaper editor Deyda Hydara was shot to death under unexplained circumstances, days after the 2004 legislation took effect.[citation needed]

Licensing fees are high for newspapers and radio stations, and the only nationwide stations are tightly controlled by the government.[133]

Reporters Without Borders has accused "President Yahya Jammeh's police state" of using murder, arson, unlawful arrest and death threats against journalists.[136]

In December 2010, Musa Saidykhan, former editor of The Independent newspaper, was awarded US$200,000 by the ECOWAS Court in Abuja, Nigeria. The court found the Government of The Gambia guilty of torture while he was detained without trial at the National Intelligence Agency. Apparently he was suspected of knowing about the 2006 failed coup.[137]

Tourism

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in the Gambia

Sports

[edit]
Independence Anniversary Celebrations and Inauguration of His Excellency Mr. Adama Barrow President of the Republic of The Gambia 2016---
Gambia at the 2008 Summer Olympics - Opening Ceremony - Beijing, China

As in neighbouring Senegal, the national and most popular sport in The Gambia is wrestling.[138] Association football and basketball are also popular. Football in The Gambia is administered by The Gambia Football Federation, who are affiliated to both FIFA and CAF. The GFA runs league football in The Gambia, including top division GFA League First Division, as well as The Gambia national football team. Nicknamed "The Scorpions", the national side have never qualified for the FIFA World Cup, but qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations at senior level for the first time in 2021. They also qualified for the second time in row in 2023 to participate in the AFCON in Ivory Coast.[139] They play at Independence Stadium. The Gambia won two CAF U-17 championships one in 2005 when the country hosted, and 2009 in Algeria automatically qualifying for FIFA U-17 World Cup in Peru (2005) and Nigeria (2009) respectively. The U-20 also qualified for FIFA U-20 World Cup in 2007 and 2023 in Canada and Argentina respectively. The female U-17 also competed in FIFA U-17 World Cup 2012 in Azerbaijan.[citation needed]

The Gambia featured a national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup in both the women's and the men's section.[140]

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Mandinka: Kambiya ߞߊߡߓߌߦߊ; Wolof: Gámbi, Fula: Gammbi, Serer: Gambi; Arabic: غامبيا/جامبيا
  2. ^ Cape Verde, Mauritius, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Seychelles, the smallest country in Africa, are archipelagos.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ National Population Commission Secretariat (2019–2020). "2024 Gambia report by the CIA: Spatial Distribution". Gambia Bureau of Statistics. The CIA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  2. ^ "The World Factbook: Gambia, The". CIA. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Gambia, The". Central Intelligence Agency. 28 February 2023. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Gambia, The". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Gambia)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  6. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Data". World Bank. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  7. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  8. ^ "Member States". United Nations. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  9. ^ Hoare, Ben. (2002) The Kingfisher A–Z Encyclopedia, Kingfisher Publications. p. 11. ISBN 0-7534-5569-2.
  10. ^ "Banjul | national capital, The Gambia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  11. ^ "Population of Cities in Gambia 2023". World Population Review. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  12. ^ Hughes, Arnold (2008) Historical Dictionary of the Gambia. Scarecrow Press. p. xx. ISBN 0810862603.
  13. ^ Wiseman, John A. (2004). "The Gambia: Recent History". Africa South of the Sahara 2004 (33rd ed.). Europa. p. 456. ISBN 9781857431834.
  14. ^ Maclean, Ruth (21 January 2017). "Yahya Jammeh leaves the Gambia after 22 years of rule". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  15. ^ a b "Gambia's Yayah Jammeh confirms he will step down". Al Jazeera. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  16. ^ Ramsay, Stuart (22 January 2017). "Former Gambia leader Yahya Jammeh flies into political exile". Sky News. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  17. ^ "The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth". Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  18. ^ Allen Meagher, Andrew Samuel, Baba Ceesay, National Council for the Arts and Culture (Gambia), Historic Sites of The Gambia: Ada Dinkiralu (Mandinka), Bereb-I-Chosan (Wolof), Tarica Tawal (Fula), Nannin (Jola), Soninke Ada (Serehuli), I-Mofan Chosan (Serer): an Official Guide to the Monuments and Sites of the Gambia, National Council for the Arts and Culture, 1998, pp. 1, 24.
  19. ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2010). The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa. New Africa Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-9987-16-023-5.
  20. ^ Hughes, Arnold; Perfect, David (2006). A political history of The Gambia, 1816-1994. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-1-58046-682-0.
  21. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia" (PDF). 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  22. ^ Geoghegan, Tom (7 June 2012). "Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2023. [A]ccording to several authoritative sources, such as the CIA World Factbook, the Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World and the US Department of State, only two countries, The Bahamas and The Gambia, should officially be referred to with the article.
  23. ^ Alfa Shaban, Abdur Rahman (19 January 2017). "Why Africa's 'smiling coast' is officially referred to as 'The' Gambia". Africa News. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  24. ^ M'Bai, Sheriff Bojang. "The Role of the Gambia River in Shaping National Identity" Journal of African Studies, vol. 45, no. 3, 2001, pp. 234–246.
  25. ^ "La Gambie s'autoproclame 'État islamique'" (in French). Europe 1. 13 December 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  26. ^ a b Adegun, Aanu (29 January 2017). "Adama Barrow removes 'Islamic' title from Gambia's name". Naij. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  27. ^ "The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms". Al Jazeera. 28 January 2017. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  28. ^ "Gambia, The (10/02)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  29. ^ Easton, P. (1999) "Education and Koranic Literacy in West Africa". Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. IK Notes on Indigenous Knowledge and Practices, no. 11, World Bank Group. pp. 1–4
  30. ^ Yevstratyev, O. (2018). "Chronological Dating of the Duchy of Courland's Colonial Policy" (PDF). Latvijas Vēstures Institūta Žurnāls. 3: 34–72. doi:10.22364/lviz.108.02. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  31. ^ Park, Mungo. "Chapter XXII – War and Slavery". Travels in the Interior of Africa. Vol. II (1887 Cassell & Company ed.). Archived from the original on 24 September 2009 – via Project Gutenberg.
  32. ^ Webb, Patrick (1994). "Guests of the Crown: Convicts and Liberated Slaves on McCarthy Island, the Gambia". The Geographical Journal. 160 (2): 136–142. Bibcode:1994GeogJ.160..136W. doi:10.2307/3060072. JSTOR 3060072.
  33. ^ Gambia Foreign Policy and Government Guide. International Business Publications. 7 February 2007. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4330-1692-9. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  34. ^ Atlas Obscura (20 January 2017). "The True Origin of The Gambia's Bizarre Borders". Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  35. ^ "The Gambia History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  36. ^ Archer, Frances Bisset (1967). The Gambia Colony and Protectorate: An Official Handbook. Library of African Study. pp. 90–94. ISBN 978-0714611396.
  37. ^ Hassoum, Ceesay (2012), Akyeampong, Emmanuel K; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.), "Khan, Fatou", Dictionary of African Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5, archived from the original on 25 January 2021, retrieved 16 January 2021
  38. ^ a b c Gambia Business Law Handbook. Vol. 1: Strategic Information and Basic Laws. International Business Publications. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4387-6988-2.
  39. ^ Drammeh, Seedy (14 June 2018). Rethinking Irregular Migration: Causes, Course, Consequences and Corrective Measures. African Books Collective. ISBN 978-9983-960-42-6. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  40. ^ a b c d e UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia
  41. ^ a b "History". Independent Electoral Commission - IEC- The Gambia. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  42. ^ U.S. Department of State (31 March 2003). "U.S.D.S. Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2002: Gambia, The". Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  43. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Background Note: The Gambia". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.
  44. ^ "UK regrets The Gambia's withdrawal from Commonwealth". BBC News. 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  45. ^ Vines, Alex (22 January 2016). "The Gambia: Africa's (supposedly-short-lived) new Islamic republic". BBC. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  46. ^ "The Gambian man who took on a tyrant and made history". 14 January 2023. Archived from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  47. ^ "Gambia: Death of Ebrima Solo Sandeng must be investigated and protesters released". Article 19. 18 April 2016. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  48. ^ Gambie : l'opposition désigne Adama Barrow comme candidat unique pour affronter Yahya Jammeh en décembre Archived 29 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Senenews.com (31 October 2016). Retrieved on 18 December 2016.
  49. ^ Gambia: Will Mama Kandeh's Nomination Papers Be Accepted? – Freedom Newspaper[usurped]. Freedomnewspaper.com (6 November 2016). Retrieved on 18 December 2016.
  50. ^ "Gambia: Prison sentences for opposition leaders continues downward spiral for human rights". Amnesty International. 20 July 2016. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  51. ^ Gambia's Jammeh loses to Adama Barrow in shock election result Archived 29 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News (2 December 2016). Retrieved on 18 December 2016.
  52. ^ Gambia leader Yahya Jammeh rejects election result Archived 16 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News (10 December 2016). Retrieved on 18 December 2016.
  53. ^ a b "The Gambia: UK 'very pleased' about Commonwealth return". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  54. ^ a b "The Gambia presents formal application to re-join the Commonwealth" (Press release). The Commonwealth. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  55. ^ a b "Boris Johnson is only delighted the Gambia wants back into the British Commonwealth". TheJournal.ie. 15 February 2017. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017.
  56. ^ "The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth" (Press release). Commonwealth of Nations. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  57. ^ "Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth after democratic election". The Telegraph. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  58. ^ "Nobel Peace Prize Nominee Jaha Dukureh to Graduate from UCF". UCF Today. University of Central Florida News. 3 May 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  59. ^ Felix, Bate; Saine, Pap (5 December 2021). "Gambian President Barrow wins re-election; opposition cries foul". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  60. ^ a b c "Gambia coup attempt foiled – government". BBC News. 21 December 2022. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  61. ^ a b c d e "Gambia, The". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 30 May 2007. (Archived 2007 edition.)
  62. ^ Wright, Donald (2004). The World and a Very Small Place in Africa: A History of Globalization in Niumi, The Gambia. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-0-7656-1007-2. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  63. ^ Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
  64. ^ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  65. ^ Hayward, Derek; Oguntoyinbo, J. S. (1987). Climatology of West Africa. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-389-20721-4. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  66. ^ "World Weather Information Service – Banjul". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  67. ^ "Klimatafel von Banjul-Yundum (Flugh.) / Gambia" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  68. ^ "In Gambia, New Coup Follows Old Pattern". The New York Times. 28 August 1994. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  69. ^ Edie, p. 162
  70. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). "The V-Dem Dataset". Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  71. ^ a b Edie, pp. 162–164
  72. ^ Edie, p. 165
  73. ^ Edie, pp. 168–170
  74. ^ Edie, p. 182
  75. ^ a b Edie, p. 185
  76. ^ Edie, p. 186
  77. ^ a b "Democratic Transition in the Gambia: The Burden of Leadership and Consolidation" (PDF). Centre for Democracy and Development. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2018.
  78. ^ "Gambia: Political opinion" (PDF). United Kingdom: Home Office. March 2017. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2018.
  79. ^ "Incumbent Barrow declared winner of Gambia's presidential vote as opposition cries foul". France 24. 5 December 2021.
  80. ^ a b "The Gambia: Country Focus" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office. December 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2018.
  81. ^ a b c d e f g h "Background note: The Gambia" Archived 2020-10-22 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of State (October 2008).Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  82. ^ Wong, Chun Han (17 March 2016). "Beijing Resumes Formal Ties With Gambia, in Signal to Taipei". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  83. ^ Bowcott, Owen (11 November 2019). "Gambia files Rohingya genocide case against Myanmar at UN court". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  84. ^ "Bridge opening further reduces Senegal-Gambia interstate war risks and improves peace settlement prospects with Casamance secessionists". IHS Markit. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  85. ^ "UK regrets The Gambia's withdrawal from Commonwealth". BBC News. 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  86. ^ "Member States". OIC. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  87. ^ "Member States". African Union. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  88. ^ "Organisation of Islamic Cooperation". www.oic-oci.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  89. ^ Bellamy, Alex J. and Williams, Paul D. (2013). Providing Peacekeepers: The Politics, Challenges, and Future of United Nations Peacekeeping Contributions. Oxford University Press, p. 30. ISBN 0199672822.
  90. ^ NYU Center on International Cooperation (28 February 2012). "Annual Review of Global Peace Operations 2012".
  91. ^ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  92. ^ "2024 Global Peace Index" (PDF).
  93. ^ "Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices". World Health Organization. 6 May 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  94. ^ "The Gambia passes bill imposing life sentences for some homosexual acts". The Guardian. Associated Press. 8 September 2014. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  95. ^ a b "Gambia must account for missing journalist Ebrima Manneh". Committee to Protect Journalists. 14 April 2009. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  96. ^ "Ebrima Manneh". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  97. ^ "Gambia: Missing editor died in detention in 2008 after mistreatment". Reporters Without Borders. 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  98. ^ Ceesay, Fabakary B. (19 March 2019). "Journalist Manneh Died On Road To Diabugu Hospital". The Trumpet. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  99. ^ Law, Gwillim (19 April 2006). "Divisions of Gambia". Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids"). Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2006.
  100. ^ Fadera, Hatab (23 April 2012) "Gambia to commence rail system in 2013:- Discloses President Jammeh, as he opens parliament", The Daily Observer (23 April 2012).
  101. ^ "Prime Bank (Gambia) is the 12th commercial bank in the Gambia". The Observer. 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  102. ^ "Fish Farming is Feeding the Globe. What's the Cost for Locals?". The New Yorker. 26 February 2021.
  103. ^ Hako, Nasi (13 March 2024). "A landmark solar PV plant has been inaugurated in The Gambia". ESI-Africa.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  104. ^ "Yundum". Britannica Online encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  105. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  106. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  107. ^ Human Development Report 2010. 31 December 2010. doi:10.18356/e5a0500a-en. ISBN 9789210576987. ISSN 2412-3129.
  108. ^ "TOTAL FERTILITY RATE". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  109. ^ National Population Commission Secretariat (30 April 2005). "2013 Population and Housing Census: Spatial Distribution" (PDF). Gambia Bureau of Statistics. The Republic of The Gambia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  110. ^ Gambia. Archived 2021-12-05 at the Wayback Machine Ethnologue 24, 2021
  111. ^ a b c d e "The Gambia". 2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  112. ^ "Gambia, The". www.aacrao.org. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  113. ^ "Grand Inauguration: UTG Faraba Campus Marks a New Era in Higher Education – University Of The Gambia". Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  114. ^ Admini. "Islamic Online University Signs Agreement with FBC". ayvnewspaper.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  115. ^ "Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank". Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  116. ^ a b "The Gambia: Demographic and Health Survey, 2013" (PDF). Gambia Bureau of Statistics. p. 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  117. ^ "Chapter IV – Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms". Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia. 1997. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2009. 25. Freedom of speech, conscience, assembly, association and movement
    (1) Every person shall have the right to – [...] (c) freedom to practice any religion and to manifest such practice;
  118. ^ a b c d e "Gambia, The". International Religious Freedom Report 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 14 September 2007. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  119. ^ "Religions' Roles in Peacebuilding in The Gambia". Talk About: Law and Religion. 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  120. ^ Burke, Andrew and Else, David (2002) The Gambia & Senegal. Lonely Planet. p. 35. ISBN 1740591372.
  121. ^ Sait, Siraj and Lim, Hilary (2011) Land, Law and Islam Archived 13 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Zed Books. p. 42. ISBN 1842778137.
  122. ^ Breach of Faith. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  123. ^ "Shia Presence in Gambia". Wow.gm. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  124. ^ Kalis, Simone (1997). Medecine Traditionnele Religion et Divination Chez Les Seereer Siin Du Senegal. L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7384-5196-9
  125. ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye (1972). "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". Bulletin de l'IFAN. 34B (4): 706–7, 713–14.
  126. ^ "The Gambia – Government and society". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  127. ^ "Roots revival: how does the new Kunta Kinte compare to the classic?". the Guardian. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  128. ^ "FolkWorld #71: Africa". www.folkworld.eu. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  129. ^ Bojang, Fatoumatta (21 September 2022). "Top 10 Most Popular Foods in The Gambia". Chef's Pencil. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  130. ^ Saine, Abdoulaye (2012). Culture and customs of Gambia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. pp. 59–61. ISBN 9780313359101. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  131. ^ Perfect, David (2016). "Literature". Historical dictionary of the Gambia (Fifth ed.). Lanham, Maryland. pp. 302–303. ISBN 9781442265264.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  132. ^ Sallah, Tijan M. (2021). Saani baat: aspects of African literature and culture (Senegambian and other African essays). Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-5690269-8-4.
  133. ^ a b "Country profile: The Gambia". BBC News website. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
  134. ^ "President tightens media laws in The Gambia". Mail & Guardian. 11 May 2005. Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
  135. ^ "Banjul newspaper reporter freed on bail pending trial". Reporters without borders. 13 June 2006. Archived from the original on 13 May 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  136. ^ "Gambia – Annual report 2005". Reporters Without Borders. December 2004. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
  137. ^ "Major Camara narrates his involvement in 2006 abortive coup - The Point". thepoint.gm. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  138. ^ Sport – Gambia! Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, weebly.com, accessed 3 April 2016.
  139. ^ "A Jubilant Nation Celebrates Another AFCON Qualification, After a Stunning Fightback Against Congo". www.grts.gm. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  140. ^ "Continental Cup Finals start in Africa". FIVB. 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.

Works cited

[edit]
[edit]

Government

[edit]

General information

[edit]

Tourism

[edit]

Trade

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gambia&oldid=1263854612"