1544
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1544 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1544 MDXLIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2297 |
| Armenian calendar | 993 ԹՎ ՋՂԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6294 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1465–1466 |
| Bengali calendar | 951 |
| Berber calendar | 2494 |
| English Regnal year | 35 Hen. 8 – 36 Hen. 8 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2088 |
| Burmese calendar | 906 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7052–7053 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸卯年 (Water Rabbit) 4241 or 4034 — to — 甲辰年 (Wood Dragon) 4242 or 4035 |
| Coptic calendar | 1260–1261 |
| Discordian calendar | 2710 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1536–1537 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5304–5305 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1600–1601 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1465–1466 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4644–4645 |
| Holocene calendar | 11544 |
| Igbo calendar | 544–545 |
| Iranian calendar | 922–923 |
| Islamic calendar | 950–951 |
| Japanese calendar | Tenbun 13 (天文１３年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1462–1463 |
| Julian calendar | 1544 MDXLIV |
| Korean calendar | 3877 |
| Minguo calendar | 368 before ROC 民前368年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 76 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2086–2087 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴水兔年 (female Water-Rabbit) 1670 or 1289 or 517 — to — 阳木龙年 (male Wood-Dragon) 1671 or 1290 or 518 |
1544 (MDXLIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1544th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 544th year of the 2nd millennium, the 44th year of the 16th century, and the 5th year of the 1540s decade. As of the start of 1544, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 4 – In India, Maldeo Rathore, King of Marwar (now part of the state of Rajasthan) is tricked by counterintelligence spread by Mughal Emperor and Afghan Shah Sher Shah Suri into departing from Jodhpur. The Battle of Sammel begins shortly afterward and is won by the Afghan and Mughal armies.[1]
- January 13 – At Västerås, the estates of Sweden swear loyalty to King Gustav Vasa and to his heirs, ending the traditional electoral monarchy in Sweden.[2][3] Gustav subsequently signs an alliance with the Kingdom of France.
- January 24 – During a solar eclipse visible over the Netherlands, Dutch mathematician and designer Gemma Frisius makes the first recorded use of a camera obscura and uses it to observe the event without directly looking at the Sun. Frisius writes about the event the next year and illustrates it in his book De Radio Astronomica et Geometrica (Regarding rays of light in astronomy and geometry).[4]
- February 20 – The Fourth Diet of Speyer is convened.[5][6]
- March 7 – Five Roman Catholic priests— John Larke, John Ireland, the vicar of Eltham and Robert Singleton are executed at Tyburn, outside of London, in England after being convicted of participating in the Prebendaries' Plot to remove Thomas Cranmer, the Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury.[7]
- March 16 –
- The Battle of Glasgow is fought for control of Scotland between Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox and the troops of the Regent, James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran
- Friedrich II becomes the new Elector Palatine of Germany's Rhineland within the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Ludwig V at Heidelberg.
- March 29 – Royal assent is given by King Henry VIII to laws passed by the English Parliament, including the Third Succession Act, the amended Treason Act and the King's Style Act.
April–June
[edit]- April 11 – Battle of Ceresole: French forces under the Comte d'Enghien defeat forces of the Holy Roman Empire, under the Marques Del Vasto, near Turin.[8]
- April 21 – The Italian town of Agropoli, frequently targeted by pirates from North Africa, is sacked by Ottoman raiders and 100 people are taken prisoner.
- May 3 – Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, with an English army, captures Leith and Edinburgh from the Kingdom of Scotland.[9]
- May 7 – Edward Seymour, Lord Hertford, carries out the burning of Edinburgh, capital of the Kingdom of Scotland, by the English Navy, then proceeds to destroy neighboring areas.
- May 17 – At Lima, Blasco Núñez Vela takes office as the first Spanish Governor of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which encompasses most of what are now the nations of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, as well as the western part of Brazil.
- May 23 –
- The Treaty of Speyer is signed between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Denmark (which includes Norway). Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor agrees to recognize Christian III as the ruler of Denmark and Norway, and abandons further attempts to restore King Christian II to the throne. In return, Denmark and Norway agree to support the Habsburg monarchy in the Empire.[10]
- The allied French and Ottoman navies depart from the French port of Marseilles and travel to Constantinople, the Ottoman capital. The French fleet is commanded by Antoine Escalin des Aimars, known as Captain Polin, French ambassador to the Ottomans, while the Turks are led by Hayreddin Barbarossa.
- May 25 – On orders of King Henry VIII, the English Navy, commanded by Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, begins crossing the English Channel to invade from the west with 19,000 troops, while Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, commences an invasion of France from the east.[11]
- June 4 – A combined force of troops from the Holy Roman Empire and from Spain, both commanded by Emperor Charles V, defeat the French in the Battle of Serravalle after three days of fighting.
- June 8 – The Duke of Norfolk crosses the English Channel after having landed troops in Normandy.[11]
- June 24 – The plundering of the Italian island of Ischia, part of the Kingdom of Naples is carried out by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded by Hayreddin Barbarossa, who captures 4,000 of the residents and then sells them as slaves in Algeria.
July–September
[edit]- July 10– Troops of the Holy Roman Empire begin the six-week siege of Saint-Dizier in eastern France.[12]
- July 15 – Battle of the Shirts: The Clan Fraser of Lovat and Macdonalds of Clan Ranald fight over a disputed chiefship in Scotland; reportedly, five Frasers and eight or ten Macdonalds survive.[13][14]
- July 19– Italian War of 1542–46: King Henry VIII of England begins the siege of the city of Boulogne in northern France and continues for almost two months before the city surrenders.[15][16]
- July 20 – Albert, Duke of Prussia signs a deed granting land for creation of the University of Königsberg.[17]
- August 17 –
- The University of Königsberg is inaugurated in Prussia.[17]
- In France, Saint-Dizier surrenders to the Holy Roman Empire after a siege of more than a month.[12][16]
- September 14 – The siege of Boulogne ends as the city surrenders to King Henry VIII.[15]
- September 18
- Peace of Crépy: Peace is declared between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France. The war between France and England continues.[18]
- The expedition of Juan Bautista Pastene makes landfall in San Pedro Bay, southern Chile, claiming the territory for Spain.[19]
- September 22 – Captain Juan Bautista Pastene leads the first European expedition to the estuary of Valdivia, Chile and Corral Bay.[20]
October–December
[edit]- October 9 – Second Siege of Boulogne: French forces under the Dauphin assault Boulogne, but are ultimately unsuccessful.[21]
- November 24 – Rüstem Opuković Pasha, son-in-law of the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, is appointed as the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, replacing Hadım Suleiman Pasha.[22]
- December 9 – Crown Prince Yi Ho becomes the new King of Korea upon the death of his father, King Joseon. Yi Ho reigns for eight months before being poisoned by his own mother, and is posthumously named as King Injong of Joseon.[23]
Date unknown
[edit]- Mongols, led by Anda, burn the suburbs of Peking in China.[24][25]
- After being asked by Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, botanist Luca Ghini comes to the University of Pisa as the chair of botany, where he had the year prior established the Orto botanico di Pisa.[26][27]
- Rats make their first appearance in South America, arriving in Peru with the species black rat.[28]
- Portuguese explorers encounter the island of Taiwan, and call it Ilha Formosa ("Beautiful Island").[29][30]
Births
[edit]
- January 19 – King Francis II of France (d. 1560)[31]
- January 24 – Gillis van Coninxloo, Flemish painter (d. 1607)[32][33]
- February 3 – César de Bus, French Catholic priest (d. 1607)[34]
- March 11 – Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (d. 1595)[35]
- April – Thomas Fleming, English judge (d. 1613)[36]
- April 20 – Renata of Lorraine, duchess consort of Bavaria (d. 1602)[37]
- May 24 – William Gilbert, English scientist and astronomer (d. 1603)[38]
- July 14 – Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton, English politician (d. 1589)[39]
- August 9 – Bogislaw XIII, Duke of Pomerania (d. 1606)[40]
- September 1 – John Gordon, Scottish bishop (d. 1619)[41]
- September 28 or September 29 – Giovanni de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1562)[42]
- November 1 – Hasan Kafi Pruščak, Bosnian scholar and judge (d. 1615)[43]
- November 15 – Dorothea Susanne of Simmern, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1592)[44]
- December 23 – Anna of Saxony, only child and heiress of Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1577)[45]
- date unknown
- Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1610)[46]
- Thomas Hobson, English carrier and origin of the phrase Hobson's choice (d. 1631)[47]
- Maddalena Casulana, Italian composer, lutenist and singer (d. 1590)[48]
- probable
- George Whetstone, English writer (d. 1587)[49]
Deaths
[edit]
- March 16 – Louis V, Elector Palatine (1508–1544) (b. 1478)[50]
- March 22 – Johannes Magnus, last Catholic Archbishop of Sweden (b. 1488)[51]
- April 30 – Thomas Audley, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1488)[52]
- June 14 – Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1489)[53]
- July 15 – René of Châlon, Prince of the House of Orange (b. 1519)[54]
- June 23 – Eleonore of Fürstenberg, wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1523)[55]
- August 19 – Hans Buser, Swiss noble (b. 1513)
- September 12 – Clément Marot, French poet (b. 1496)[56]
- September 25 – Valerius Cordus, German physician and scientist (b. 1515)[57]
- October 10 – Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy, English courtier and patron of learning (b. 1516)[58]
- October 12 – Antonio Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1485)[59]
- November 13 – Ursula van Beckum, Dutch Anapabtist (b. 1520)[60]
- November 15 – Lucy Brocadelli, Dominican tertiary and stigmatic (b. 1476)[61]
- November 29 – Jungjong of Joseon (b. 1488)
- December 9 – Teofilo Folengo, Italian poet (b. 1491)[62]
- date unknown
- Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde[63][64]
- Chen Chun, Chinese painter (b. 1483)[65]
- Margaret Roper, English writer (b. 1505)[66]
- Nilakantha Somayaji, Indian mathematician and astronomer (b. 1444)[67]
- Manco Inca Yupanqui, Inca ruler (b. 1516)[68]
- Bonaventure des Périers, French author (b. 1500)[69]
References
[edit]- ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Mughal Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 81-82
- ^ Skrifter utgivna av Institutet för rättshistorisk forskning: Rättshistoriska studier. Serien II (in Swedish). Nordiska bokhandeln. 1951. p. 23. ISBN 978-91-85190-28-7. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ Medelius, Hans (1993). Himla många kungar: historier kring Den Svenska Historien (in Swedish). Nordiska museet. p. 75. ISBN 978-91-7108-338-8. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ Grepstad, Jon (20 October 2015). "Pinhole Photography – History, Images, Cameras, Formulas". Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
- ^ Archiv Für Reformationsgeschichte (in German). Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn. 1964. p. 180. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ Melloni, Alberto (23 October 2017). Martin Luther: Ein Christ zwischen Reformen und Moderne (1517–2017) (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 379. ISBN 978-3-11-049874-5. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ The One Hundred and Five Martyrs of Tyburn, Burns & Oates, Ltd., London, 1917
- ^ Desmond Seward (1974). Prince of the Renaissance: The Life of François I. Cardinal. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-351-18234-1.
- ^ Phillips, Gervase (October 1999). "Strategy and Its Limitations: The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1480-1550". War in History. 6 (4): 396–416. doi:10.1177/096834459900600402. ISSN 0968-3445. S2CID 159799137. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ Christensen, Thorkild Lyby (1969). "Scoto-Danish Relations in the Sixteenth Century: The Historiography and Some Questions". The Scottish Historical Review. 48 (145): 80–97. ISSN 0036-9241. JSTOR 25528790.
- ^ a b Potter, D. L. (1 January 2011). "Chapter Four. 'Fighting Over The Bear's Skin': The Invasion Of France (1544)". Henry VIII and Francis I. Brill. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-90-04-20432-4. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ a b Rozet, Albin; Lembey, J. F. (1910). L'invasion de la France et le siège de Saint-Dizier par Charles-Quint en 1544 d'après les dépeches italiennes de Francesco d'Este, de Hieronymo Feruffino, de Camillo Capilupo et de Bernardo Navager. Paris Plon-Nourrit. pp. 326–327. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ "Blar na Léine (BTL29)". portal.historicenvironment.scot. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ Anderson, George; Anderson, Peter (1834). Guide to the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, Including Orkney and Zetland: Descriptive of Their Scenery, Statistics, Antiquities, and Natural History : with Numerous Historical Notices. John Murray. p. 260. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ a b Mémoires de la Société académique de l'arrondissement de Boulogne-sur-Mer (in French). Société académique de l'arrondissement de Boulogne-sur-Mer. 1886. pp. 371, 503. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Henry VIII: August 1544, 16-20". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ a b Toppen, Max (1844). Die Gründung der Universität zu Königsberg und das Leben ihres ersten Rectors Georg Sabinus (in German). Königsberg: University of Königsberg Publishing. pp. 108–110. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ Charles Loch Mowat (1968). The New Cambridge Modern History: Reformation, 1520-1559. University Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-521-34536-1.
- ^ Barría González, Juan (1994). "Juan Bautista Pastene: Primer almirande del mar chileno" (PDF). Revista de Marina.
- ^ Aguirre Cortes, Luis Enrique (2010). "Los Lafkenche y el "Descubrimiento" de Valdivia". De nuevas historias a nuevas ruralidades: El uso de las fuentes orales para el conocimiento de la localidad de Niebla - Valdivia (PDF) (BA). Austral University of Chile. pp. 52–53. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ "Henry VIII: October 1544, 7-10". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ Casale, Giancarlo (2010-02-25). The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199798797.
- ^ Annals of King Injongsukheumhyo, ko:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (National History Compilation Committee)
- ^ Roberts, J. (1994). History of the World. Penguin. ISBN 9780140154955.
- ^ Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the Year 1913. Shanghai: Kelley & Walsh. 1913. p. 92. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ ENGELHARD, DIETRICH VON (2011). "LUCA GHINI (1490-1556) IL PADRE FONDATORE DELLA BOTANICA MODERNA NEL CONTESTO DEI RAPPORTI SCIENTIFICI EUROPEI DEL SEDICESIMO SECOLO" (PDF). Ann. Mus. Civ. Rovereto. 27: 227–246. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ "Storia". Orto e Museo Botanico (in Italian). Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ Donaldson, Henry Herbert (1915). The Rat: Reference Tables and Data for the Albino Rat (Mus Norvegicus Albinus) and the Norway Rat (Mus Norvegicus). Wistar Institute Press. p. 12. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ Shen, Virginia (2021). Voyages to Ilha Formosa: A Multicultural Perspective (PDF). National Technology and Social Science Virtual Conference. p. 163.
- ^ Chow, P. (28 April 2008). The "One China" Dilemma. Springer. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-230-61193-1. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ Hans Joachim Hillerbrand (1996). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Oxford University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-19-510363-2.
- ^ Dietsche warande en Belfort (in Dutch). Den Gulden Engel. 1913. p. 25. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ "Gillis van Coninxloo (II)". rkd.nl. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia. Catholic Encyclopedia Incorporated. 1913. p. 86. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1985). Torquato Tasso. Angel Books. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-946162-19-2.
- ^ Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sir Sidney (1908). The Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 286. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Haeutle, Christian (1870). Genealogie des Erlauchten Stammhauses Wittelsbach: von dessen Wiedereinsetzung in das Herzogthum Bayern (11. Sept. 1180) bis herab auf unsere Tage (in German). Manz. p. 54. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Smith, Michael (1997). "William Gilbert (1544–1603): Physician and Founder of Electricity". Journal of Medical Biography. 5 (3): 137–145. doi:10.1177/096777209700500303. PMID 11619454. S2CID 31303087. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ "COMPTON, Henry I (1544-89)". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Baltische Studien (in German). Gesellschaft für Pommersche Geschichte und Altertumskunde. 1937. p. 232. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ "Gordon, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11061. Retrieved 23 September 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of January 31, 1560". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ "H A ŞA N K Â Fİ PRUŠČAK". Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Back, Friedrich (1873). Die evangelische Kirche im Lande zwischen Rhein, Mosel, Nahe und Glan bis zum Beginn des 30jährigen Krieges: ¬Theil ¬II, ¬Die Reformation der Kirche sowie der Kirche Schicksale und Gestaltung bis zum Jahre 1620; Abth. 1 (in German). Marcus. p. 171. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Bauer, Max (1907). Die deutsche Frau in der Vergangenheit (in German). A. Schall. p. 341. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ White, Francis Overend (1898). Lives of the Elizabethan Bishops of the Anglican Church. Skeffington. p. 375. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Bushell, W. D. (19 January 2012). Hobson's Conduit: The New River at Cambridge Commonly Called Hobson's River. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-108-04244-4. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Parsons, Laurel; Ravenscroft, Brenda (4 September 2018). Analytical Essays on Music by Women Composers: Secular & Sacred Music to 1900. Oxford University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-19-023703-5. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Whetstone, George (1987). A critical edition of George Whetstone's 1582 An heptameron of civill discourses. New York: Garland. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-8240-8415-8. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Brockhaus, Friedrich Arnold (1884). Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyclopädie für die gebildeten Stände (in German). istorical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. p. 346. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ Meijer, Bernhard; Westrin, Theodor; Berg, Ruben Gustafsson; Söderberg, Verner; Fahlstedt, Eugen (1910). Nordisk familjebok: konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi. Ny, rev. och rikt illustrerad uppl. ... (in Swedish). Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag. p. 38. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ "Audley, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/896. Retrieved 24 September 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Calmet, Augustin (1745). Histoire de Lorraine (in French). Chez A. Leseure. p. cclxvj. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ Raak, Cees van (2003). Vorstelijk begraven en gedenken: funeraire geschiedenis van het huis Oranje-Nassau (in Dutch). Thoth. p. 13. ISBN 978-90-6868-334-9. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ Grünberg, Paul (1917). Die Reformation und das Elsass: Festschrift z. 400-jährigen Jubelfeier der Reformation (in German). Trübner. p. 70. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ Wulfert Greef (1993). The Writings of John Calvin: An Introductory Guide. Baker Books. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-85111-435-4.
- ^ Sprague, T. A.; Sprague, M.S. (1939). "The Herbal of Valerius Cordus". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 52 (341): 1–113. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01598.x. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ "Blount, Charles, fifth Baron Mountjoy". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2682. Retrieved 25 September 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of September 22, 1531". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ Mellink, Albert Fredrik (1954). De wederdopers in de noordelijke nederlanden 1531-1544 (in Dutch). Wolters. p. 414. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ Waugh, Scott L.; Diehl, Peter (18 July 2002). Christendom and Its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000-1500. Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-521-52509-1. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ Renda, Umberto (1936). Teofilo Folengo (Merlin Cocai) (?1496-1544) (in Italian). G. B. Paravia & c. p. 16. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ O'Donovan, John (1851). Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland. Hodges and Smith. p. 137. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ "Burke, Ulick (de Burgh, Uilleag) ('Uilleag na gCeann')". www.dib.ie. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ Li, Xifan (3 October 2022). A General History of Chinese Art: Ming Dynasty. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 220. ISBN 978-3-11-079091-7. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ McCutcheon, Elizabeth; Gentrup, William (5 August 2022). A Companion to Margaret More Roper Studies: Life Records, Essential Texts, and Critical Essays. CUA Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8132-3544-8. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ "Nilakantha - Biography". Maths History. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ Brosseder, Claudia (1 July 2014). The Power of Huacas: Change and Resistance in the Andean World of Colonial Peru. University of Texas Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-292-75696-0. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ Renner, Bernd (2008). "Satirical Dialogism in the Paratext of Bonaventure Des Périers' Nouvelles Récréations et Joyeux Devis". French Forum. 33 (1/2): 1–14. ISSN 0098-9355. JSTOR 40552491. Retrieved 25 September 2023.