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Mělník

Coordinates: 50°21′7″N 14°28′30″E / 50.35194°N 14.47500°E / 50.35194; 14.47500
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For the town in Bulgaria, see Melnik, Bulgaria.
Mělník
Town
Míru Square with town hall and former Capuchin monastery
Míru Square with town hall and former Capuchin monastery
Flag of Mělník
Flag
Coat of arms of Mělník
Coat of arms
Mělník is located in Czech Republic
Mělník
Mělník
Location in the Czech Republic
Coordinates: 50°21′7″N 14°28′30″E / 50.35194°N 14.47500°E / 50.35194; 14.47500
Country Czech Republic
RegionCentral Bohemian
DistrictMělník
First mentioned1006
Government
 • MayorTomáš Martinec (ODS)
Area
 • Total
24.96 km2 (9.64 sq mi)
Elevation
215 m (705 ft)
Population
 (2024-01-01)[1]
 • Total
20,350
 • Density820/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
276 01
Websitewww.melnik.cz

Mělník (Czech pronunciation: [ˈmɲɛlɲiːk] ⓘ; German: Melnik) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 20,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Mělník lies in one of the most important agricultural areas of the country. The town is known for its production of wine.

Etymology

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The name is derived from the Slavic word mělnit, here meaning 'to crumble'. Originally, Mělník was the name of a hill formed by crumbling Cretaceous rocks.[2]

Geography

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Aerial view of Mělník

Mělník is located about 27 kilometres (17 mi) north of Prague. It is situated on the right bank of the Elbe, at the confluence of the Elbe and Vltava rivers.

The town lies in the Polabí lowlands. The southwestern part of the municipal territory lies in the Central Elbe Table, the northeastern part lies in the Jizera Table. The highest point is the hill Chloumeček at 282 m (925 ft) above sea level.

History

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In the 5th and 6th century, many Slavic tribes lived here and the tribe of Pšovans created its main settlement in Mělník. Saint Ludmila (the grandmother of Saint Wenceslaus), who married the Bohemian prince Bořivoj I, belonged to this tribe. Coins of the princess Emma, who died in 1005 or 1006, are the first demonstration of the existence of Mělník. In November 1274, Mělník gained the status of town from King Ottokar II and later became a dowry town belonging to queens of Bohemia.[3]

In 1449, the town gained the right to decide on its own affairs, through councilors headed by the mayor. The town gained fame in the first half of the 16th century thanks to viticulture, the origins of which date back to the end of the 9th century, but the preconditions for its real development were created only by Charles IV, who brought vines from Burgundy to Mělník.[3]

The town suffered from the events of the Thirty Years' War. Mělník became moderately involved in the Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620), and was punished by confiscation of property and gradual re-Catholicization. In 1628, its population was predominantly Catholic. Mělník had to deal with enemy military incursions, especially the Saxons and the Swedes; it was also affected by devastating fires (1646, 1652, 1681) and by plague. The church, castle and town hall were damaged.[3]

The wars in the 18th century brought considerable damage to the town, but it was most affected by the fire in 1765, which destroyed 42 houses including the town hall and Capuchin monastery. It was followed by another stage of the Baroque transformation of the town.[3]

In 1850, Mělník became a district town. In 1869, a sugar factory was established, for a long time the only industrial company in the town. In 1874 a railway line was brought to Mělník, which helped its economic development. In 1888 a bridge over the Elbe was built, and at the end of the 19th century a transhipment depot was built, the basis of the later port.[3]

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
18697,112—    
18807,656+7.6%
18908,247+7.7%
19008,976+8.8%
19109,806+9.2%
YearPop.±%
192110,502+7.1%
193012,089+15.1%
195011,914−1.4%
196113,076+9.8%
197015,487+18.4%
YearPop.±%
198018,941+22.3%
199119,625+3.6%
200119,271−1.8%
201119,599+1.7%
202119,588−0.1%
Source: Censuses[4][5]

Economy

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The largest industrial employers based in the town are Erwin Junker Grinding Technology (manufacturer of grinding tools) and Vibracoustic CZ (manufacturer of rubber products), both employing more than 500 people. The largest non-industrial employer is the hospital.[6]

Viticulture

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Mělník gives its name to the Mělnická wine region, one of the most northerly in Europe. Every year, at the end of September, a wine festival is held in Mělník on the Feast of St. Wenceslaus.[7]

According to legend, the Great Moravian Prince Svatopluk I sent the Bohemian Prince Bořivoj I a barrel of wine to celebrate the birth of his son Spytihněv I. It is said that Ludmila subsequently had vines brought from Moravia and planted not far from her birthplace, the fortified settlement of Pšov, today's Mělník. Ludmila's grandson St. Wenceslaus personally took care of the vineyards, and became the patron saint of winemakers.[7]

Transport

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River port in Mělník

Mělník is situated on the crossroads of two first-class roads: the I/9 (which connects the D8 motorway with Česká Lípa and the Czech-German border) and the I/16 (the section from the D8 motorway to Mladá Boleslav).

Mělník is located on the railway lines Ústí nad Labem–Kolín and Prague–Mělník.[8]

Mělník is one of the largest river ports in the Czech Republic and a place of container transshipment.

Sights

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Church of Saints Peter and Paul
Prague Gate

Míru Square is the historic centre of Mělník. It is lined with valuable Renaissance and Neo-Renaissance houses. The landmark of the square is the town hall with Renaissance archways, Gothic bay window of the Chapel of St. Barbara, and Baroque tower. The Church of the Fourteen Holy Helpers with the building of former Capuchin monastery are also located on the square.[3]

Mělník Castle is one of the most important sights of the town. The castle is built in the Renaissance style. Below the castle there are large wine cellars. Confiscated by the communists, it has been restored to its traditional owners, the House of Lobkowicz.[3]

Church of Saints Peter and Paul was rebuilt three times. Construction began at the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries, but the oldest preserved part is from the 1480s. The opulent presbytary is from around 1520. Other major reconstructions were made and the fires in 1555 and 1681, when renaissance gables and the baroque dome of a gothic tower were damaged. The current appearance of the church is the result of extensive repairs in 1910 and 1913–1915. The church is still used primarily for religious functions, but it is open for the public. Starting in 2007, the public will be allowed access to the reconstructed church tower. There is a large and elaborate ossuary inside the church. Anthropologist Jindřich Matiegka conducted research here between 1915 and 1919, during which he arranged the remains of 10–15,000 people.[3]

Behind the church there is a building of the old school, formerly the seat of the Mělník's chapter. It used to be a part of the town's fortifications. Remains of the fortifications are still preserved, including a 20m high water tower from the 16th century. The most preserved part is the Prague Gate from the 1530s. Near the castle there is Villa Carola, where the town library is located, which is a part of the Culture Centre of Mělník.[3]

Notable people

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Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic

Mělník is twinned with:[9]

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  • Míru Square, centre of the town
    Míru Square, centre of the town
  • Castle above the confluence of the Vltava and Elbe
    Castle above the confluence of the Vltava and Elbe
  • Confluence of the Vltava and Elbe
    Confluence of the Vltava and Elbe

References

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  1. ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024". Czech Statistical Office. 2024-05-17.
  2. ^ "Historie města Mělníka" (in Czech). Město Mělník. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Průvodce městem Mělníkem" (in Czech). Město Mělník. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  4. ^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21.
  5. ^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.
  6. ^ "Registr ekonomických subjektů". Business Register (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
  7. ^ a b "Město vína" (in Czech). Město Mělník. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  8. ^ "Detail stanice Mělník" (in Czech). České dráhy. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  9. ^ "Partnerská města" (in Czech). Město Mělník. Retrieved 2020-08-07.
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